Nicknamed the "Red City" (for its 1000-year old red sandstone city walls and buildings), Marrakech is a major economic center and home to a thriving medina (old Arab quarter). Orient yourself around Africa's busiest square, Jemaa el-Fna, and begin your day exploring the 12th-century Koutoubia Mosque and take a respite from the heat in its gardens amid fountains and palms. From there, find the Islamic school, Ben Youssef Madrasa, for a taste of 16th-century architecture and marvel at the exquisite details: arabesques, Islamic calligraphy, and colorful zellij (intricate tilework). As you walk Marrakech's alleys, notice the Fondouks—medieval traveler inns along ancient trade routes that provided merchants with shelter and supplies. Some have been converted into residential properties today, while others are large shopping areas and workshops that you can explore. You may wish to visit a few sites south of Jemaa el-Fna. Some options to consider are the 500-year old Saadian Tombs.